Please join The Center for Public Leadership
John F. Kennedy School of Government
and the Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies for:

Leading by Dividing: The Case of Greece and Turkey after 1922

Bruce Clark
International Security Editor, The Economist, and author of Twice A 
Stranger: The Mass Expulsions that Forged Modern Turkey and Greece

4:15 – 6 p.m., Thursday, October 18, 2007
Lower Level Conference Room
Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies
27 Kirkland Street at Cabot Way
A CES Special Event co-sponsored by the Center for Public Leadership, 
John F. Kennedy School of Government and the Greek Study Group
Bruce Clark is the author of Twice A Stranger: The Mass Expulsions that 
Forged Modern Turkey and Greece (Harvard University Press, 2006), which 
won the Runciman Award in 2007 from the Anglo-Hellenic League. His book, 
on which his talk is based, tells the story of how Greece and Turkey, in 
the aftermath of World War I, negotiated a massive exchange of 
populations. As Turkey emerged from the ruins of the Ottoman Empire and 
Greece sought to expand its borders into areas in Turkey occupied by 
Christian Greeks, ethnic categories hardened and leaders on both sides 
used that hardening to bolster their power and advance a national cause. 
Over a million Christian Greeks were expelled from Turkey and a somewhat 
smaller number of Muslims from Greece. In his talk, Clark will address 
the history of the mass expulsions; the role played by key leaders such 
as the Greek politician Eleftherios Venizelos, the Turkish leader 
Mustafa Kemal, and the famous explorer and international activist 
Fridtjof Nansen; the troubling and enduring power of ethnic categories 
in politics and leadership; and parallels between these events and the 
modern history of places such as Bosnia and Rwanda.
For information, please contact:Jason Beerman, <mailto:beerman@fas.harvard.edu>, Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies
Owen Andrews, <mailto:owen_andrews@ksg.harvard.edu>, Center for Public Leadership, 
John F. Kennedy School of Government